The Department of Scheduled Tribes Development, which was formed by separating the Harijan Welfare Department in 1975, began functioning independently and fully in 1980. The department works with the goal of the overall upliftment of the Scheduled Caste community in Kerala.

The foundation of development programs in any economy lies in the ability of each demographic group within the community to achieve self-sufficiency. In this context, the Department of Scheduled Tribes Development works towards eradicating the inequalities among Scheduled Tribes groups in Kerala and ensuring their economic growth, social empowerment, education, improved physical infrastructure, the revival of unique cultural and artistic heritage, the promotion of sporting abilities, access to clean drinking water, a healthy living environment, and overall integration into society as active and contributing members. The department's primary responsibility is to elevate these communities to ensure their effective participation in social and economic systems, thus eliminating the barriers to their progress. Coordination with the activities of other departments is also part of the responsibilities of the Scheduled Tribes Development Department to achieve these stated objectives.

According to the 2011 census, the Scheduled Tribes population in Kerala stands at 434,339. A survey conducted by the Department of Scheduled Tribes Development revealed that 107,965 families reside in 4,762 Scheduled Tribes colonies. Among these, 504 colonies are located within reserve forests, and 948 are situated in the peripheral areas of forests. The colonies facing the threat of wildlife attacks number close to a thousand. The Department of Scheduled Tribes Development faces several challenges in implementing the planned objectives in these areas.

Currently, there are 37 Scheduled Tribes groups in Kerala, including Special Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Amendments made through notifications in 2003 and 2014 included the communities of Karimpalan and Marathi into the Scheduled Tribes category.